公有经济如果效率比私营低吗？引援自“Milton Friedman”的观点The Four Ways of Spendi…

公有经济如果效率比私营低吗？引援自“Milton Friedman”的观点The Four Ways of Spending DataSpending your own money on yourself. For example, buying groceries or lunch. There is a strong incentive to economize and to get full value.Spending your own money on someone else. For example, buying a gift for another. There is a strong incentive to economize, but perhaps less to achieve full value from the other person’s point of view. Altruism is admirable, but it differs from value maximization, since—strictly speaking—giving cash would maximize the other’s value. Perhaps the point of a gift is that it does not amount to cash and the maximization of the other person’s welfare from their point of view.Spending someone else’s money on yourself. For example, an expensed business lunch. “Pass me the filet mignon and Chateau Lafite! Do you have one of those menus without any prices?” There is a strong incentive to get maximum utility, but there is little incentive to economize.Spending someone else’s money on someone else. For example, applying the proceeds of taxes or donations. There may be an indirect desire to see utility, but incentives for quality and cost management are often diminished.